With the creation of the USSR, their lands were incorporated into the present Rostov, Volgograd, Voronezh, and Voroshilovograd regions, as well as the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In pre-Revolutionary Russia, the Don Cossacks enjoyed an administrative and territorial autonomy.
The Don Cossacks remained, however, the most numerous and significant host. By the late nineteenth century, in addition to the earlier hosts, there were the Amur, the Baikal, the Kuban, the Orenburg, the Semirechensk, the Siberia, the Volga, the Ussuriisk, and, on the Dnieper River, the Zaporozhian Cossack hosts. With the expansion of the Russian state and the government's encouragement, the Cossack hosts proliferated, forming a defensive belt along the borders of the empire. In the late sixteenth century, two offshoots of the Don Cossacks emerged: the Terek Cossack Host along the lower Terek River in the northern Caucasus and the Iaik (Yaik) Host along the lower Iaik River (now known as the Ural River). About the same time the Zaporozhian Cossacks formed in the Dnieper River region. The Don Cossacks, the earliest known in Russia, appeared in the fifteenth century and the host was established during the early sixteenth century. As such, they were identified by their area of residence. They eventually became a part of the Russian irregular military with the main objective of defending Russia's borderlands. Originally the Cossacks were free mercenaries who resided in a no-man's-land. The political culture of the Ottoman court and public finances also failed to support the enhancement of Turkish military capability.Identification. The Ottoman army, and even more the navy, of 1600 were very different from those of 1450, such that there was a sustained transformation in Ottoman war-making. The standard account posits one period of revolution from 1560 to 1660, indecisiveness and stagnation, then a second period of revolution that began with the outbreak of the War of American Independence in 1775 and continued with the French Revolutionary Wars to 1815.
The timing and rate of change are also issues in assessing whether there was a Military Revolution in the early modern period. Nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples, who generally relied on pastoral agriculture or slash-and-burn shifting cultivation, were less populous and their governmental structures were less developed. The standard distinction between settled societies and nomadic or seminomadic peoples captures contrasts in the scale and organisation of warfare.
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